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Food
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The Story of Turkish Food
For those who travel in culinary pursuits, the
Turkish Cuisine is a very curious one. The variety of dishes that make up the Cuisine, the
ways they all come together in feast-like meals, and the evident intricacy of each craft
offer enough material for life-long study and enjoyment. It is not easy to discern a basic
element or a single dominant feature, like the Italian "pasta" or the French
"sauce". Whether in a humble home, at a famous restaurant, or at a dinner in a
Bey's mansion, familiar patterns of this rich and diverse Cuisine are always present. It
is a rare art which satisfies your senses while reconfirming the higher order of society,
community and culture.
A practical-minded child watching Mother cook
"cabbage dolma" on a lazy, gray winter day is bound to wonder: who on earth
discovered this peculiar combination of sauteed rice, pine-nuts, currants, spices, herbs
and all tightly wrapped in translucent leaves of cabbage all exactly half an inch thick
and stacked-up on an oval serving plate decorated with lemon wedges? How was it possible
to transform this humble vegetable to such heights of fashion and delicacy with so few
additional ingredients? And, how can such a yummy dish possibly also be good for one?
The modern mind, in a moment of contemplation, has similar thoughts upon entering a modest
sweets shop in Turkey where "baklava" is the generic cousin of a dozen or so
sophisticated sweet pastries with names like: twisted turban, sultan, saray (palace),
lady's navel, nightingale's nest... The same experience awaits you at a
"muhallebi" (pudding shop) with a dozen different types of milk puddings.
One can only conclude that the evolution of this glorious Cuisine was not an accident.
Similar to other grand Cuisines of the world, it is a result of the combination of three
key elements. A nurturing environment is irreplaceable. Turkey is known for an abundance
and diversity of foodstuff due to its rich flora, fauna and regional differentiation. And
the legacy of an Imperial Kitchen is inescapable. Hundreds of cooks specializing in
different types of dishes, all eager to please the royal palate, no doubt had their
influence in perfecting the Cuisine as we know it today. The Palace Kitchen, supported by
a complex social organization, a vibrant urban life, specialization of labor, trade, and
total control of the Spice Road, reflected the culmination of wealth and the flourishing
of culture in the capital of a mighty Empire. And the influence of the longevity of social
organization should not be taken lightly either. The Turkish State of Anatolia is a
millennium old and so, naturally, is the Cuisine. Time is of the essence; as Ibn'i Haldun
wrote, "the religion of the King, in time, becomes that of the People", which
also holds for the King's food. Thus, the reign of the Ottoman Dynasty during 600 years,
and a seamless cultural transition into the present day of modern Turkey, led to the
evolution of a grand Cuisine through differentiation, refinement and perfection of dishes,
as well as their sequence and combination of the meals.
It is quite rare that all the three conditions above are met, as they are in the French,
the Chinese and the Turkish Cuisine. The Turkish Cuisine has the extra privilege of being
at the cross-roads of the Far-East and the Mediterranean, which mirrors a long and complex
history of Turkish migration from the steppes of Central Asia (where they mingled with the
Chinese) to Europe (where they exerted influence all the way to Vienna).
All these unique characteristics and history have bestowed upon the Turkish Cuisine a rich
and varied number of dishes, which can be prepared and combined with other dishes in meals
of almost infinite variety, but always in a non-arbitrary way. This led to a Cuisine that
is open to improvisation through development of regional styles, while retaining its deep
structure, as all great works of art do. The Cuisine is also an integral aspect of
culture. It is a part of the rituals of everyday life events. It reflects spirituality, in
forms that are specific to it, through symbolism and practice.
Anyone who visits Turkey or has had a meal in a Turkish home, regardless of the success of
the particular cook, is sure to notice how unique the Cuisine is. Our intention here is to
help the uninitiated to enjoy Turkish food by achieving a higher level of understanding of
the repertoire of dishes, related cultural practices and their spiritual meaning.

A NURTURING ENVIRONMENT
Early historical documents show that the basic structure of the Turkish Cuisine was
already established during the Nomadic Period and in the first settled Turkish States of
Asia. Culinary attitudes towards meat, dairy, vegetables and grains that characterized
this early period still make up the core of Turkish Cuisine . Turks cultivated wheat and
used it liberally in several types of leavened and unleavened breads baked in clay ovens,
on the griddle, or buried in ember. "Manti" (dumpling), and "bugra"
(attributed to Bugra Khan of Turkestan, the ancestor of "börek" or dough with
fillings), were already among the much-coveted dishes at this time. Stuffing the pasta, as
well as all kinds of vegetables, was also common practice, and still is, as evidenced by
dozens of different types of "dolma". Skewering meat as well as other ways of
grilling, later known to us as varieties of "kebap" and dairy products such as
cheeses and yogurt were convenient and staple foods of the pastoral Turks. They introduced
these attitudes and practices to Anatolia in the 11th century. In return they were
introduced to rice, the fruits and the vegetables native to the Region, and the hundreds
varieties of fish in the three seas surrounding the Anatolian Peninsula. These new and
wonderful ingredients were assimilated into the basic Cuisine in the millennia that
followed.
Anatolia is a Region coined as the "bread basket of the world". Turkey, even
now, is one of the seven countries in the world which produces enough food to feed
everyone and then some to export. The Turkish landscape encompasses such a wide variety of
geographic zones, that for every two to four hours of driving, you will find yourself in a
different zone with all the accompanying changes in scenery, temperature, altitude,
humidity, vegetation and weather conditions. The Turkish landscape has the combined
characteristics of the three old continents of the world : Europe, Africa and Asia, and an
ecological diversity surpassing any other place along the 40th latitude. Thus, the
diversity of the Cuisine has come to reflect that of the landscape and its regional
variations.
In the Eastern Region, you will encounter the rugged, snow-capped mountains where the
winters are long and cold, and the highlands where the spring season with its rich wild
flowers and rushing creeks extends into the long and cool summer. Livestock farming is
prevalent. Butter, yogurt, cheeses, honey, meat and cereals are the local food. Long
winters are best endured with the help of yogurt soup and meatballs flavored with aromatic
herbs found in the mountains, and endless servings of tea.
The heartland is dry steppes with rolling hills, endless stretches of wheat fields and
barren bedrock that takes on the most incredible shades of gold, violet, cool and warm
grays, as the sun travels the sky. Ancient cities were located on the trade routes with
lush cultivated orchards and gardens. Among these, Konya, the capital of the Seljuk Empire
(the first Turkish State in Anatolia), distinguished itself as the center of a culture
that attracted scholars, mystics, and poets from throughout the world during the 13th
century. The lavish Cuisine that is enjoyed in Konya today, with its clay-oven (tandir)
kebaps, böreks, mcat and vegetable dishes and helva desserts, dates back to the feasts
given by Sultan Alaaddin Keykubad in 1237 A.D.
Towards the west, one eventually reaches warm, fertile valleys between cultivated
mountainsides, and the lace-like shores of the Aegean where nature is friendly and life
has always been easy. Fruits and vegetables of all kinds are abundant, including the best
of all sea food! Here, olive oil becomes a staple and is used both in hot and cold dishes.
The temperature zone of the Black Sea Coast, well-protected by the high Caucasian
Mountains, is abundant with hazelnuts, corn and tea. The Black Sea people are fishermen
and identify themselves with their ecological companion, the shimmering "hamsi",
a small fish similar to anchovy. There are at least forty different dishes made with
hamsi! Many poems, anecdotes and folk dances are inspired by this delicious fish.
The south-eastern part of Turkey is hot and desert-like and offers the greatest variety of
kebabs and sweet pastries. Dishes here are more spicy compared to all other regions,
possibly to retard spoilage in hot weather, or as the navites say, to equalize the heat
inside the body to that of the outside!
The culinary centre of the country is the Marmara Region which includes Thrace, with
Istanbul as its Queen City. This temperate, fertile Region boasts a wide variety of
fruits, vegetables, and the most delicately flavored lamb. The variety of fish that travel
the Bosphorus surpasses those in other seas.
Bolu, a city on the mountains, supplied the greatest cooks for the Sultan's Palace, and
even now, the best chefs in the country come from Bolu. Istanbul, of course, has been the
epicenter of the Cuisine, and an understanding of Turkish Cuisine will never be complete
without a survey of the Sultan's kitchen...
KITCHEN OF THE IMPERIAL PALACE
The importance of culinary art for the Ottoman Sultans is evident to every visitor of
Topkapì Palace. The huge kitchens were housed in several buildings under ten domes. By
the 17th century, some thirteen hundred kitchen staff were housed in the Palace. Hundreds
of cooks, specializing in different categories of dishes such as soups, pilafs, kebaps,
vegetables, fish, breads, pastries, candy and helva, syrup and jams and beverages, fed as
much as ten thousand people a day, and in addition, sent trays of food to others in the
City as a royal favor.
The importance of food has been also evident in the structure of the Ottoman military
elite, the Janissaries. The commanders of the main divisions were known as the Soupmen,
other high ranking officers were the Chief Cook, Scullion, Baker, and Pancake Maker,
though their function had little to do with these titles. The huge cauldron used to make
pilaf had a special symbolic significance for the Janissaries, as the central focus of
each division. The kitchen was also the centre of politics, for whenever the Janissaries
demanded a change in the Sultan's Cabinet, or the head of a grand vizier, they would
overturn their pilaf cauldron. "Overturning the couldron," is an expression
still used today to indicate a rebellion in the ranks.
It was in this environment that hundreds of the Sultans' chefs, who dedicated their lives
to their profession, developed and perfected the dishes of the Turkish Cuisine, which was
then adopted by the kitchens of the provinces ranging from the Balkans to Southern Russia,
reaching Northern Africa. Istanbul was the capital of the world and had all the prestige,
so that its ways were imitated. At the same time, it was supported by an enormous
organization and infrastructure which enabled all the treasures of the world to flow into
it. The provinces of the vast Empire were integrated by a system of trade routes with
refreshing caravanserais for the weary merchants and security forces. The Spice Road, the
most important factor in culinary history, was under the full control of the Sultan. Only
the best ingredients were allowed to be traded under the strict standards established by
the courts.
Guilds played an important role in the development and sustenance of the Cuisine. These
included the hunters, the fishermen, the cooks, the kebab cooks, bakers, butchers, cheese
makers and yogurt merchants, pastry chefs, pickle makers and sausage merchants. All of the
principal trades were believed to be sacred, and each guild traced its patronage to the
Prophets and Saints. The guilds prevailed in pricing and quality control. They displayed
their products and talents in spectacular floats driven through Istanbul streets during
special occasions, such as the circumcision festivities for the Crown Prince or religious
holidays.
Following the example of the Palace, all of the grand Ottoman houses boasted elaborate
kitchens and competed in preparing feasts for each other as well as the general public. In
fact, in each neighbourhood, at least one household would open its doors to anyone who
happened to stop by for dinner during the holy month of Ramadan, or during other festive
occasions. And this is how the traditional Cuisine evolved and spread, even to the most
modest corners of the country.
A Repertory Of Food At The Great - Good Places
A survey of types dishes according to their ingredients, may be helpful to explain the
basic structure of the Turkish Cuisine. Otherwise it may appear to have an overwhelming
variety of dishes, each with a unique combination of ingredients, way of preparation and
presentation. All dishes can be conveniently categorized into: grain-based, grilled meats,
vegetables, fish and sea-food, desserts and beverages.
Before describing each of these categories, some general comments are necessary. The
foundation of the Cuisine is based on grains (rice and wheat) and vegetables. Each
category of dishes contains only one or two types of main ingredients. Turks are purists
in their culinary taste; the dishes are supposed to bring out the flavour of the main
ingredient rather than hiding it behind sauces or spices. Thus, the eggplant should taste
like eggplant, lamb like lamb, pumpkin like pumpkin. Contrary to the prevalent Western
impression of Turkish food , spices and herbs are used with zucchini, parsley with
eggplant, a few cloves of garlic has its place in some cold vegetable dishes, cumin is
sprinkled over red lentil soup or mixed in ground meat when making "köfte".
Lemon and yogurt are used to complement both meat and vegetable dishes, to balance the
taste of olive oil or meat. Most desserts and fruit dishes do not call for any spices. So
their flavours are refined and subtle.
There are major classes of meatless dishes. When meat is used, it is used sparingly. Even
with the meat kebabs, the "pide" or the flat bread occupies the largest part of
the portion along with vegetables or yogurt. The Turkish Cuisine also boasts a variety of
authentic contributions in the desserts and beverage categories.
For the Turks, the setting is as important as the food itself. Therefore, food-related
places need to be surveyed, as well as the dishes and the eating-protocol. Among the
"great-good places" where you can find the ingredients for the Cuisine, are the
weekly neighbourhood markets- "pazar", and the permanent markets. The most
famous one of the latter type is the Spice Market in Istanbul. This is a place where every
conceivable type of food item can be found, as it has always been since pre-Ottoman times.
This is a truly exotic place, with hundreds of scents rising from stalls located within an
ancient domed building, which was the terminal for the Spice Road. More modest markets can
be found in every city centre, with permanent stalls of fish and veegetables.
The weekly markets are where sleepy neighbourhoods come to life, with the villagers
setting up their stalls before dawn at a designated area, to sell their produucts. These
days, handicrafts, textiles, glassware and other household items are also among the
displays at the most affordable prices. What makes these places unique is the cacophony of
sights, smells, sounds and activity, as well as the high quality of fresh food, which can
only be obtained in the pazar. There is a lot of haggling and jostling, as people make
their way through the narrow isles while the vendors compete for attention. One way to
purify body and soul would be to rent an inexpensive flat by the seaside for a month every
year, and live on fresh fruit and vegetables from the "pazar". However, since
the more likely scenario willbe restaurant-hopping, here are some tips to learn the proper
terminology so that you can navigate through both, the Cuisine (just in case you get the
urge to cook a la Turca), and the streets of Turkish cities, where it is just as important
to locate the eating places as the museums and the archaeological wonders.
Grains: Bread to Börek
The foundation of Turkish food is, if anything, the dough made of wheat flour. Besides
"ekmek" - the ordinary white bread, "pide" - flat bread,
"simit" - sesame seed rings, "manti" - dumplings, a whole family of
food made up thin sheets of pastry called "börek" falls into this category.
The bakers of the Ottoman period believed that Adam, the Patron Saint of Bakers, learned
how to make bread from the Archangel Gabriel, after his expulsion from the Garden of Eden.
Obviously, the secret is still held dearly by the presentday Turkish bakers; no other
bread tastes as good as the even the everyday Turkish bread. One realizes the wonderful
luxury of the Turkish bread upon leaving the country. This blessed food is enjoyed in
large quantities and is respected by all, rich and poor, simple and sophisticated. Every
neighbourhood has a bread-bakery that produces the golden crisp loaves twice a day,
morning and afternoon, filling the streets with their irresistable and wholesome aroma.
People piick up a few loaves on their way home from work, and end up eating the crisp ends
by the time they get there. After a hard day's work, holding the warm loaf is the best
reward, convincing one that all is well.
Ekmek, pide and simit are meant to be eaten the same day they are baked, and they usually
are. The leftover ekmek goes into a variety of dishes, becomes chicken feed, or is mixed
with milk for the neighbourhood cats.
Manti, dumplings of dough filled with a special met mix, are eaten with generous servings
of garlic yogurt and a dash of melted butter with paprika. This is a meal in itself as a
Sunday lunch affair for the whole family, to be followed by an afternoon nap.
Börek is a special-occasion food which requires great skill and patience, unless you have
thin sheets of dough already rolled out from your corner grocery store. Anyone who can
accomplish this delicate task using the rolling pin , becomes the most sought-out person
in their circle of family and friends. The sheets are then layered or folded into various
shapes before being filled with cheese or meat mixes and baked or fried. Every household
enjoys at least five different varieties of börek as a regular part of its menu.
Next to bread, "pilav" is another staple in the Turkish kitchen. The most common
versions are the cracked-wheat pilaf and the rice pilaf. A good cracked-wheat pilaf made
with whole onions, sliced tomatoes, green peppers sauteed in butter, and boiled in beef
stock is a meal itself. Many versions of the rice pilaf accompany vegetable and meat
dishes. The distinguishing feature of the Turkish pilaf is its soft buttery morsels of
rice which readily roll out from your spoon, rather than sticking together in a mushy
clumps.
Grilled Meats
"Kebap" is another category of food
which, like the börek, is typically Turkish dating back to the times when the nomadic
Turks learned to grill and roast their meat over their camp fires. Given the numerous
types of kebabs, it helps to realize that you categorize them by the way the meat is
cooked. The Western World knows the "sis kebab" and the "döner"
introduced to them mostly by Greek entrepreneurs, who have a good nose for what will sell!
Sis kebab<Picture: Sis Kebab> is grilled cubes of skewered meat.Döner kebab is made
by stacking alternating layers of ground meat and sliced leg of lamb on a large upright
skewer, which i slowly rotated in front of a vertical grills. As the outer layer of the
meat is roasted, thin slices are shaved to be served.
There are numerous other grilled kebabs beside those cooked in a clay oven. It should be
noted that the unique taste of kebabs are due more to the breeds of sheep and cattle,
which are raised in open pastures by loving shepherds, than to special marinades and a way
of cooking. Therefore, you should stop at a kebab restaurant in Turkey to taste the
authentic item. "Kebabci" is by far the most common and the least expensive type
of restaurant, ranging from a hole in the wall to large and lavish establishments. Kebab
is the traditional Turkish response to fast food that is at the same time not especially
bad for you. A generic kebabci will have "lahmacun" (meat pide) and
"Adana" (spicy skewered ground meat, named-after the southern city where the the
dish was born), salad greens with red onions and baklava to top it all off. Beyond that
the menu will tell you the speciality of the kebabci. The best plan is to seek out the
well-known ones and to try the less spicy types if you are not used to kebab. Once you
develop a taste for it, you can have inexpensive feasts by going to the neighbourhood
kebabci anywhere in Anatolia.
"Izgara"-mixed grilled meat, it is how main course meat dishes are prepared at a
meat restaurant. Mixed grills are likely to include lamb chops, "köfte", or
"sis" (select cubes of meat). The way of preparing ground meat will be the
"köfte". These are grilled, fried, oven-cooked or boiled, after being mixed
with special spices, eggs, and grated onions and carefully shaped into balls, oblongs,
round or long patties. Another popular dish, inspired by the nomadic Turks who carried
spiced, raw meat in their saddles, and known to Europeans as "steak Tartar", is
the raw köfte. Here, it is made of raw, double ground meat, by kneading it with thin
bulgur and hot spices vigorously for a few hours. Then bite-sized patties are made, and
served with chilantro, known for its stomach-protecting qualities.
Some restaurants specialize only in grilled meats, in which case they are called meat
restaurants. The fare will be a constant stream of grilled meats served hot in portions
off the grill, until you tell the waiter that you are full. The best one is Beyti in
Florya, Istanbul, and the best way to get there is to take the commuter train from
Sirkeci, the main train station on the European side, rather than negotiating the highway
traffic. This way you can also see the local folks, especially the kids who seem to use
the train to the fullest, carrying out their summer holiday adventures involving fishing
and possibly a variety of other mischief.
Vegetables
Along with grains, vegetables are also consumed in large quantities in the Turkish diet.
The simplest and most basic type of vegetable dish is prepared by slicing a main vegetable
such as zucchini or eggplant, combining it with tomatoes, green peppers and onions, and
cooking it slowly in butter and its own juices. Since the vegetables that are cultivated
in Turkey are truly delicious, a simple dish like this, eaten with a sizeable chunk of
fresh bread, is a satisfying meal for many people.
A whole class of vegetables is cooked in olive oil. These dishes would be third in a
five-course meal, following the soup and a main course such as rice or börek and
vegetable'meat, and before dessert and fruit. Practically all vegetables, such as fresh
string-beans, artichokes, root celery, eggplants, pinto beans, or zucchini can be cooked
in olive oil, and are typically eaten at room-temperature. So they are a staple part of
the menu with variations depending on the season. Then there are the fried vegetables,
such as eggplant, peppers or zucchinis, that are eaten with a tomato or a yogurt sauce.
"Dolma" is the generic term for stuffed vegetables, being a derivative of the
verb "doldurmak" or to fill; it actually means "stuffed" in Turkish.
There are two categories of dolmas: those filled with a meat mix or with a rice mix. The
latter are cooked in olive oil and eaten at room-temperature. The meat dolma is a
main-course dish eaten with a yogurt sauce, and very frequent one in the average
household. Any vegetable which can be filled with or wrapped around these mixes can be
used in a dolma, including zucchini, eggplants, tomatoes, cabbage, and grapevine leaves.
However, the green pepper dolma with the rice stuffing, has to be the queen of all dolmas.
A royal feast to the eye and the palate...
In addition to these general categories, there are numerous meat and vegetable dishes
which feature unique recipes. When talking vegetables, it is important to know that the
eggplant (or aubergine) has a special place in the Turkish Cuisine. This handsome
vegetable with its brown-green cap, velvety purple, firm and slim body, has a richer
flavour than that of its relatives found elsewhere. At a party, a frustrating question to
ask a Turk would be "How do you usually cook your eggplant?". A proper answer to
this question would require hours! Here, too, it will have to suffice to mention two
eggplant dishes that are a must to taste. In one, the eggplant is split lengthwise and
filled with a meat mix. This is a common summer dish, eaten with white rice pilaf. The
other one is "Her Majesty's Favourite", a delicate formal dish that is not easy
to make but well worth trying. The name refers to Empress Eugenie, the wife of Napoleon
III, who fell in love with it on her visit to Sultan Abdülaziz.
To taste these dishes, look for a "Lokanta". Borrowed from the Italian
"Locanda", this type of establishment traditional cooking prepared most usually
for those who work nearby. The best examples are the Borsa, Hacì Salih, Konyalì in
Istanbul and Liman and Ciftlik in Ankara. The tables are covered with white linen, and the
menu comprises soups, traditional main dishes and desserts, including fresh fruit.
Businessmen and politicians frequent visit these places for lunch.
"Meze" Dishes to Accompany the Spirits
In Turkey, despite the Islamic prohibition against wine and anything alcoholic, there is a
rich tradition associated with liquor. Drinking alcoholic beverages in the company of
family and friends at home and in taverns, and restaurants, is a part of special
occasions. Similar to the Spanish tapas, "meze" is the general category of
dishes that are brought in small quantities to start the meal off. These are eaten, along
with wine or more likely with "rakì", the anise-flavoured national drink of
Turks sometimes referred to as "lion's milk", for a few hours until the main
course is served.
The bare minimum meze for raki are slices of honeydew melons and creamy feta cheese with
freshly baked bread. Beyond these, a typical meze menu includes dried and marinated
mackerel, fresh salad greens in thick yogurt sauce with garlic, plates of cold vegetable
dishes cooked or fried in olive oil, fried crispy savoury pastry, deep fried mussels and
calamaris served in sauce, tomato and cucumber salad, and fish eggs in saucee. The main
course that follows such a meze spread will be fish or grilled meat.
When the main course is kebab, then the meze spread is different. In this case, several
plates different types of minced salad green and tomatoes in spicy olive oil, mixed with
yogurt or cheese, "humus" chick peas mashed in tahini, bulgur and red lentil
balls, "raw köfte", marinated stuffed eggplant, peppers with spices and nuts,
and pickles, are likely to be served.
Fish and other Sea-Food
Four seas (the Black Sea, Marmara Sea, the Aegean, and the Mediterranean) surround the
Turkish landscape, and residents of the coastal cities are experts in preparing their
fish. However, the best of the day's catch is also immediately transported to Ankara,
where some of the finest fish restaurants are located. Winter is the premium season for
eating fish. That is the time when many species of fish migrate from the Black Sea to the
warmer waters and when most fish reach their mature sizes. So, the lack of summer
vegetables is compansated by the abundance of fish at this time. Every month has its own
preferred fish along, with certain vegetables which complement the taste. For example, the
best bonito is eaten with arugula and red onions, blue fish with lettuce, turbot with cos
lettuce. Large bonito may be poached with celery root. Mackerel is stuffed with chopped
onion before grilling, and summer fish, which are younger and drier, will be poached with
tomatoes and green peppers, or fried. Bay leaves always accompony both poached and grilled
fish.
Grilling fish over charcoal, where the fish juices hit the embers and envelope the fish
with the smoke, is perhaps the most delicious way of eating mature fish, since this method
brings out the delicate flavour. This is also why the grilled fish and bread sold by
vendors right on their boats are so testy.
"Hamsi" is the prince of all fish known to Turks: the Black Sea people know
forty one ways of making hamsi, including hamsi börek, hamsi pilaf and hamsi dessert!
another common seafood is the mussel-eaten deep fried, poached, or as a mussel dolma and
mussel pilaf. Along the Aegean, octupus and calamary are added to the meze spread.
The places to taste fish are fish restaurants and taverns. Not all taverns are fish
restaurants, but most fish restaurants are taverns and these are usually found on the
harbours overlooking the sea. The Bosphorus is famous for its fisherman's taverns, large
and small, from Rumeli Kavagi to Kumkapi. The modest ones are small with wooden tables and
rickety wooden chairs, nevertheless they offer delicious grilled fish. Then there are
elaborate, fashionable ones in Tarabya and Bebek. The fish restaurants have always an
open-air section taking up space right by the sea; the waiters run back and forth between
the kitchen, perhaps located within the restaurant accross the street, and the tables on
the seaside. After being seated, it is customary to visit the kitchen or the display to
pick your fish and discussed the way you want it to be prepared. The price of the fish is
also disclosed at this time. Then you swing by the meze display and order the ones you
want. So the evening begins, sipping raki in between samplings of meze, watching the
sunset, and slowly setting the pace for conversation that will continue hours into the
night. Drinking is never a huuried, loud, boisterous, or a lonely affair. It is a
communal, gently festive and cultured way of entertainment. In these fish restaurants, a
couple of families may spend an evening with their children running around the restaurant
after they are fed, while the teenagers sit at the table patiently listening to the
conversation and occasionally participating, when the topic is soccer or rock music.
The Real Story of Sweets : Beyond the Baklava
The most well known sweets associated with the Turkish Cuisine are the Turkish Delight,
and the "baklava", giving the impression that these may be the typical desserts
eaten after meals. This is not true. First, the family of desserts is much richer than
these two. Secondly, these are not typical desserts as part of a main meal. For example,
baklava and its relatives are eaten usually with coffee, as a snack or after a kebab dish.
Let us now look at the main categories of sweets in the Turkish Cuisine.
<Picture>By far, the most common dessert after a meal is fresh seasonal fruit that
acquire their unique taste from an abundance of sun and old-fashioned ways of cultivation
and transportation. Spring will start with strawberries, followed by green cherries and
apricots. Summer is marked by peaches, watermelons and melons; then, all kinds of grapes
ripen in late summer, followed by green and purple figs, plums, apples, pears and quince.
Oranges, mandarin oranges, and bananas are among the winter fruits. For most of the spring
and summer, fruit is eaten fresh. Later, it may be used fresh or dried, in compotes, or
made into jams and preserves. Among the preserves, the unique ones to taste are the quince
marmalade, the sour cherry preserve, and the rose preserve (made of rose petal).
The most wonderful contribution of the Turkish Cuisine to the family of desserts, that can
easily be missed by casual explorers, are the milk desserts - the "muhallebi"
family. These are among the rare types of guilt-free puddings made with starch and rice
flour, and, originally without any eggs or butter. When the occasion calls for even a
lighter dessert, the milk can also be omitted; instead, the pudding may be flavoured with
citrus fruits, such as lemon and orange. The milk desserts include a variety of puddings,
ranging from the very light and subtle pudding with rose-water to the milk pudding with
strands of chicken breast.
Grain-based desserts include baked pastries, fried yeast dough pastries and the
pan-sauteed desserts. The baked pastries can also be referred to as the baklava family.
These are paper-thin pastry sheets that are brushed with butter and folded, layered, or
rolled after being filled with ground pistachios, walnuts or heavy cream, and baked. Then
a syrup is poured over the baked pastries. The various types, such as the sultan, the
nightingale's nest, twisted turban differ according to the amount and placement of nuts,
size and shape of the individual pieces, and the dryness of the final product.
The "lokma" family is made by frying soft pieces of yeast dough in oil and
dipping them in a syrup. Lady's lips, lady's navel, vizier finger are fine examples.
"Helva" is made by pan-sauteeing flour or semolina and pine nuts in butter
before adding sugar, milk or water, and briefly cooking until these are absorbed. The
preparation of helva is conducive to communal cooking. People are invited for "helva
conversations" to pass the long winter nights. The more familiar tahini helva is sold
in bloks at a corner grocery shop.
Another dessert that should be mentioned is a piece of special bread cooked in syrup,
topped with lots of walnuts and heavy cream. This is possibly the queen of all desserts,
so plan to taste it at the Ikbal Restaurant on the Ankara-Izmir highway at Afyon.
There are shops where baklava, börek, or
muhallebi are sold, exclusively or in combination. People come to these places for
take-away or to sit down at one of the few tables tucked in a corner of the store. The
baklava stores usually feature also "water börek", an especially difficult
börek to make. Most börek shops also make milk puddings. These are excellent places to
eat breakfast or lunch at any time of the day, since the regular restaurants may stop
serving at two o'clock in the afternoon. Many pudding shops also serve chicken soup. In
any event, it is possible to feast on börek and milk pudding for an entire holiday, if on
a tight budget. Perhaps the most well-known shop of this type is Saray on Istiklal street
in Beyoglu-Istanbul, in addition to the entire village of Sariyer on the Bosphorus.
You have to be in Turkey to get the real and the best taste of the above desserts.
However, in addition to the variety of Turkish Delights, there is a lesser-known type of
dessert that can be taken back home in a sweet box. These are nut pastes-marzipan made of
almonds and pistachios. The best marzipan is sold at the tiny, unassuming shop at Bebek in
Istanbul. A few boxes usually will last for a month or so and bring delight after dinners.
Finally, candied chestnuts, a speciality of Bursa, are among the most wonderful nutty
desserts.
Beverages : Knowing beyond the Turkish Coffee and "Ayran"
Volumes have been written about the Turkish coffee; its history, significance in social
life, and the ambiance of the ubiquitous coffee houses. Without some understanding of this
background, it is easy to be disappointed by the tiny brew with the annoying grounds on
which an uninitiated traveler (like Mark Twain) may accidently end up chewing. A few words
of caution will have to suffice for the purposes of this brief primer. First, the grounds
are not to be swallowed; so, sip the coffee gingerly. Secondly, don't expect a caffeine
surge with one shot of Turkish coffee, it is not "strong", just thick. Third,
remember that it is the setting and the company that matters-the coffee is just an excuse
for the occasion...
Tea, on the other hand, is the main source of caffeine for the Turks. It is prepared in a
special way, by brewing it over boiling water and served in delicate, small clear glasses
to show the deep red colour and to keep it hot. Drinking tea is such an essential part of
a working day, that any disruption of the constant supply of fresh tea is a sure way to
sacrifice productivity. Once upon a time, so the story goes, a lion escaped from the
Ankara Zoo and took up residence in the basement of an office building. It began devouring
public servants and executives. It even ate up a few ministers of state and nobody took
notice. It is said that a posse was immediately formed when the lion caught and ate the
"tea-man", the person responsible for the supply of fresh tea!
A park without tea and coffee is inconceivable in Turkey. Thus, every spot with a view has
a tea-house or a tea-garden. These places may be under a plane tree looking into the
village or town square, on top of hills with majestic views of a valley or the sea, by the
harbour, in the market, on a road-side with a scenic overview, by a waterfall or in the
woods. Among the typical tea-gardens in Istanbul :
the Emirgan on the European side, Camlica on the Anatolian side of the Bosphorus, the
famous Pierre Loti cafe, and the tea-garden in Üsküdar. But the traditional tea-houses
are begining to disappear from the more tourist-oriented seaside locations, in favour of
"pubs" and "Biergarten"...
Among the beverages worth mentioning are excellent bottled fruit juices. But, perhaps the
most interesting drink is "boza", traditionally sold in neighbourhood streets by
mobile vendors on a winter night. This is a thick, fermentated drink made of wheat
berries, to be enjoyed with a dash of cinnamon and a handful of roasted chick-peas. Boza
can also be found year-round at certain cafes or dessert shops. Finally,
"sahlep" is a hot drink made milk and sahlep powder. It is a good remedy for
sore throats and colds, in addition to being delicious. |