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Ataturk and the Modernization of Turkey
He was born in the year 1881 in Thessaloniki, at that time, within the Ottoman Empire's borders at that time, in Greece at present . His full name was Mustafa Kemal and the Ataturk surname, meaning the father of Turks, was given to him by the Turkish people (1934 November 24th.) in accordance with the reforms he introduced to create a modern Turkish country. His background was military, and he served in various posts in the Ottoman army. During the First World War , he was the colonel in charge of Infantry at Gallipoli in 1915 and it was his genious defense tactics that prevented the allied forces ( British, French, Anzacs - Australians and New Zealenders and Senegalese) from capturing the Dardanelles and eventually Bosphorus. His success and fast growing reputation disturbed the capital and to keep him under control he was promoted to Pasha ( General ). When the War ended the armies of the allied forces occupied nearly all corners of the country including Istanbul. Sultan and many of the people saw a hopeful future in the acceptance of either the British or American mandate. Ataturk, however, had a very different vision. He left Istanbul in a small boat, namely Bandirma ( a nice model of the boat may be seen at the Ataturk Museum in Ataturk's Mausoleum, Ankara), going ashore at Samsun, a coastal town in the Black Sea, on the 19th. of May 1919 ( a date later to be presented by Ataturk to the Turkish Youth as the Turkish Youth Day), the day the War of Independence began. He wanted Independence. First with skirmishes , in time with proper army troops, Ataturk and his army friends' armies started fighting the enemy. Ankara was chosen to be Ataturk's headquarter for its central location and the seeds of a new country were planted there. He and his friends wanted to replace the Monarchy with a Republic. The War of Independence took some three years and by the end of the year 1922, all of the invaders had left the country. The Ottoman Sultan fled in a British boat. The birth of a new nation had begun. Ataturk's Revolutions Political Revolutions The Sultanete was abolished in 1922, November
1st. Social Reformations The hat as opposed to fez was introduced. (1925)
Educational and Cultural Reformations Unity in Education ( 1924 ) The Principles of Ataturk ( Kemalism) The doctrines of Ataturk or Kemalism is a system
of thought based on the facts of Turkey. It is shaped with the will of the Turkish nation
through a long historical background. Above all, Kemalism is the introduction and
the rendering of the rights to the nation. It is the expression of the national
sovereignity.It is an attempt to reach the level of the modern civilizations, it is
westernization, modernization. It requires to experience a modern social life, to
establish a secular state, and to govern with a positive science mentality. The definition of the principles as Ataturk has expressed them: The Basic Principles Republicanism The Complementary Principles National Sovereignity Ataturk's Address to the Turkish Youth Turkish youth! You, the youth of Turkey's future, even in such circumstances, it is your duty to save the Turkish independence and Republic. The strength you need is in your noble blood within your veins
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